• Philosophical bias is the one bias that science cannot avoid 

      Andersen, Fredrik; Anjum, Rani Lill; Rocca, Elena (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2019)
      Scientists seek to eliminate all forms of bias from their research. However, all scientists also make assumptions of a non-empirical nature about topics such as causality, determinism and reductionism when conducting ...
    • Underdetermination and evidence-based policy 

      Andersen, Fredrik; Rocca, Elena (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2020)
      Safety assessment of technologies and interventions is often underdetermined by evidence. For example, scientists have collected evidence concerning genetically modified plants for decades. This evidence was used to ground ...